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Recommended Reading List
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page9
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No.
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Title
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Author
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Publisher
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Spec pop
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Year
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81
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Racial differences in combat-related PTSD: Empirical findings and conceptual issues
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Frueh, B. C.
Brady, K. L.
de Arellano. M. A.
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Clin Psychol Rev.,18(3), 287-305
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General
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1998
Apr
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We critically review the empirical literature on racial differences in epidemiology, psychopathology, and treatment outcome in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although there is a body of literature pertaining to various aspects of race and combat-related PTSD, much of the writing is conceptual in nature and based on single case or anecdotal reports, and there is a striking paucity of rigorous empirical findings. Furthermore, despite the prevailing zeitgeist and clinical lore, the limited extant empirical evidence suggests that veterans of different races are more similar to each other than they are different when it comes to the clinical manifestation and response to treatment of combat-related PTSD and associated features. The one area where clear differences exist is in epidemiological rates of PTSD, where minority combat veterans (i.e., Blacks and Hispanics) have been shown to have higher absolute rates of the disorder. However, secondary analyses within the existing epidemiological studies suggest that differential rates of PTSD between racial groups may be a function of differential rates of traumatic stressors and other pre-existing conditions. This finding, in combination with the general paucity of empirical data and certain methodological limitations, significantly moderates the conclusions that should be reached from this body of literature. Further research is needed before we can consider our knowledge in this area complete. A number of conceptual and methodological issues are discussed in order to highlight future research directions.
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82
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Cultural assessment of black American men treated for prostate cancer: Clinical case studies
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Cooley, M. E.
Jennings-Dozier, K.
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Oncol Nurs Forum. 25(10), 1729-36.
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African American
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1998 Nov-Dec
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PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To describe aspects of culturally competent care. Two case studies of black American men who received treatment for prostate cancer are presented to illustrate the use of the explanatory model of illness as a guide for conducting a cultural assessment. DATA SOURCES: Published articles, abstracts, and books; case studies developed from interviews of black American men who received treatment for prostate cancer. DATA SYNTHESIS: The explanatory model of illness provides a vehicle for healthcare providers to examine the cultural values and health beliefs of the individual seeking professional healthcare. Knowledge about cultural values and beliefs is essential in order to provide culturally competent care. Beliefs about health and illness, use of a lay referral system, use of folk treatments, and the importance of family, community, and spiritual support are some of the cultural concepts that must be considered. CONCLUSIONS: Culture exerts an important influence on the illness experience of individuals seeking health care. However, culture has not received the same attention as biopsychosocial factors in nursing care. Given the increasing racial and ethnic diversity of the U.S. population, cultural competence must assume a more central role in healthcare delivery. Knowledge and mutual respect for cultural differences are necessary for culturally competent care to become a reality in a changing healthcare environment. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Oncology nurses need to increase their awareness of cultural variations and include them in the patient's plan of care.
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83
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Does racism harm health? Did child abuse exist before 1962? On explicit questions, critical science, and current controversies: An ecosocial perspective
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Krieger, N.
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Am J Public Health., 93(2), 194-9.
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General
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2003
Feb
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Research on racism as a harmful determinant of population health is in its infancy. Explicitly naming a long-standing problem long recognized by those affected, this work has the potential to galvanize inquiry and action, much as the 1962 publication of the Kempe et al. scientific article on the "battered child syndrome" dramatically increased attention to-and prompted new research on-the myriad consequences of child abuse, a known yet neglected social phenomenon. To further work on connections between racism and health, the author addresses 3 interrelated issues: (1) links between racism, biology, and health; (2) methodological controversies over how to study the impact of racism on health; and (3) debates over whether racism or class underlies racial/ethnic disparities in health.
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84
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Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: Findings from community studies
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Williams, D. R.
Neighbors, H. W.
Jackson, J. S.
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Am J Public Health. 93(2), 200-8.
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General
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2003
Feb
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The authors review the available empirical evidence from population-based studies of the association between perceptions of racial/ethnic discrimination and health. This research indicates that discrimination is associated with multiple indicators of poorer physical and, especially, mental health status. However, the extant research does not adequately address whether and how exposure to discrimination leads to increased risk of disease. Gaps in the literature include limitations linked to measurement of discrimination, research designs, and inattention to the way in which the association between discrimination and health unfolds over the life course. Research on stress points to important directions for the future assessment of discrimination and the testing of the underlying processes and mechanisms by which discrimination can lead to changes in health.
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85
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Environmental equity and health: Understanding complexity and moving forward
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Northridge, M. E.
Stover, G. N.
Rosenthal, J. E.
Sherard, D.
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Am J Public Health. 93(2), 209-14.
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General
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2003
Feb
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The authors invoke a population health perspective to assess the distribution of environmental hazards according to race/ethnicity, social class, age, gender, and sexuality and the implications of these hazards for health. The unequal burden of environmental hazards borne by African American, Native American, Latino, and Asian American/Pacific Islander communities and their relationship to well-documented racial/ethnic disparities in health have not been critically examined across all population groups, regions of the United States, and ages. The determinants of existing environmental inequities also require critical research attention. To ensure inclusiveness and fill important gaps, scientific evidence is needed on the health effects of the built environment as well as the natural environment, cities and suburbs as well as rural areas, and indoor as well as outdoor pollutants.
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86
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Future directions in residential segregation and health research: A multilevel approach
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Acevedo-Garcia, D.
Lochner, K. A.
Osypuk, T. L.
Subramanian, S. V.
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Am J Public Health. 93(2), 215-21.
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General
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2003
Feb
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The authors examine the research evidence on the effect of residential segregation on health, identify research gaps, and propose new research directions. Four recommendations are made on the basis of a review of the sociological and social epidemiology literature on residential segregation: (1) develop multilevel research designs to examine the effects of individual, neighborhood, and metropolitan-area factors on health outcomes; (2) continue examining the health effects of residential segregation among African Americans but also initiate studies examining segregation among Hispanics and Asians; (3) consider racial/ethnic segregation along with income segregation and other metropolitan area factors such as poverty concentration and metropolitan governance fragmentation; and (4) develop better conceptual frameworks of the pathways that may link
various segregation dimensions to specific health outcomes.
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87
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Sick and tired of being sick and tired: Scientific evidence, methods, and research implications for racial and ethnic disparities in occupational health
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Murray, L. R.
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Am J Public Health. 93(2), 221-6.
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General
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2003
Feb
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The extent of racial/ethnic disparities in occupational health have not been well studied. The author reviews the evidence about workers of color and occupational injuries and disease. Patterns of employment in the U.S. workforce according to education, gender, and race/ethnicity are discussed, and how these patterns might cause disproportionate exposure leading to disproportionate disease and injury. Methodological issues are explored that have hampered research about occupational health disparities, and future research needs are identified.
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88
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Physiological responses to racism and discrimination: An assessment of the evidence
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Harrell, J. P.
Hall, S.
Taliaferro, J.
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Am J Public Health. 93(2), 243-8.
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General
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2003
Feb
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A growing body of research explores the impact of encounters with racism or discrimination on physiological activity. Investigators have collected these data in laboratories and in controlled clinical settings. Several but not all of the studies suggest that higher blood pressure levels are associated with the tendency not to recall or report occurrences identified as racist and discriminatory. Investigators have reported that physiological arousal is associated with laboratory analogues of ethnic discrimination and mistreatment. Evidence from survey and laboratory studies suggests that personality variables and cultural orientation moderate the impact of racial discrimination. The neural pathways that mediate these physiological reactions are not known. The evidence supports the notion that direct encounters with discriminatory events contribute to negative health outcomes.
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89
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Paved with good intentions: Do public health and human service providers contribute to racial/ethnic disparities in health?
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van Ryn, M.
Fu, S. S.
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Am J Public Health. 93(2), 248-55.
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General
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2003
Feb
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There is extensive evidence of racial/ethnic disparities in receipt of health care. The potential contribution of provider behavior to such disparities has remained largely unexplored. Do health and human service providers behave in ways that contribute to systematic inequities in care and outcomes? If so, why does this occur? The authors build on existing evidence to provide an integrated, coherent, and sound approach to research on providers' contributions to racial/ethnic disparities. They review the evidence regarding provider contributions to disparities in outcomes and describe a causal model representing an integrated set of hypothesized mechanisms through which health care providers' behaviors may contribute to these disparities.
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90
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Health care needs of foreign-born Asian Americans: An overview
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Dhooper, S. S.
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Health Soc Work. 28(1), 63-73.
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Asian American
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2003
Feb
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Asian Americans are one of the fastest growing groups in the United States. A majority of them are foreign born, which makes their health-related situation very complex. Many still have the diseases they brought with them from their native lands. In addition, they acquire new diseases attributed to the changes in their living conditions and lifestyle. They are vulnerable to the physical effects of acculturation-related stress as well. The health care needs of these new Americans are not being adequately met. This article describes the barriers to their ability to use health care services and analyzes the reasons for the health care system's inability to respond to their needs. Finally, it urges social work to contribute to the system's responsiveness and suggests approaches to social work intervention with and on behalf of Asian Americans.
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