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Recommended Reading List
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No.
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Title
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Author
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Publisher
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Spec pop
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Year
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11
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The Public's Health, Its National Identity and the Continuing Dilemma of Minority Status.
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Murray-Garcia, J.
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Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 10(4), 397-408
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General
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1999
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Racial and ethnic disparities, in health status are persistent phenomena well described in the arena of public health. Such disparities are perhaps best understood in their full social, political, and historical context. While recognizing the rich literature on social determinants of health, this paper provides a specific discussion of the status of "the minority" in the United States. The dynamic nature of the American identity is first presented, along with implications of differential health status. Next discussed are emerging paradigms in research and intervention that incorporate the dynamic nature of the American identity as both an explanation and an opportunity for remedy of health status disparities. Finally, a critical leadership role for the public health profession is proposed as urgently needed and as yet incompletely embraced. |
12
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Racial Differences in Prenatal Care Use in the United States: Are disparities decreasing?
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Alexander, G. R. Kogan, M. D. Nabukera, S.
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Am J Public Health, 92(12), 1970-5.
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General
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2002
Dec
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We examined trends and racial disparities (White and African American) in trimester of prenatal care initiation and adequacy of prenatal care utilization for US women and specific high-risk subgroups, e.g., unmarried, young, or less-educated mothers. METHODS: Data from 1981-1998 US natality files on singleton live births to US resident mothers were examined. RESULTS: Overall, early and adequate use of care improved for both racial groups, and racial disparities in prenatal care use have been markedly reduced, except for some young mothers. CONCLUSIONS: While improvements are evident, it is doubtful that the Healthy People 2000 objective for prenatal care will soon be attained for African Americans or Whites. Further efforts are needed to understand influences on and to address barriers to prenatal care. |
13
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Racial Differences in Predictors of Dental Care Use
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Gilbert, G.H.
Shah, G.R.
Shelton, B. J.
Heft, M.W.
Bradford, E. H.Jr
Chavers, L. S.
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Health Serv Res. 37(6), 1487-507
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General
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2002
Dec
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The purpose of this study is to test five hypotheses that non-Hispanic African Americans (AAs) and non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) differ in responsiveness to new dental symptoms by seeking dental care, and differ in certain predictors of dental care utilization. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Florida Dental Care Study, comprising AAs and NHWs 45 years old or older, who had at least one tooth, and who lived in north Florida. STUDY DESIGN: We used a prospective cohort design. The key outcome of interest was whether dental care was received in a given six-month period, after adjusting for the presence of certain time-varying and fixed characteristics. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: In-person interviews were conducted at baseline and 24 months after baseline, with six-monthly telephone interviews in between. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: African Americans were less likely to seek dental care during follow-up, with or without adjusting for key predisposing, enabling, and oral health need characteristics. African Americans were more likely to be problem-oriented dental attenders, to be unable to pay an unexpected $500 dental bill, and to report postbaseline dental problems. However, the effect of certain postbaseline dental signs and symptoms on postbaseline dental care use differed between AAs and NHWs. Although financial circumstance was predictive for both groups, it was more salient for NHWs in separate NHW and AA regressions. Frustration with past dental care, propensity to use a homemade remedy, and dental insurance were significant predictors among AAs, but not among NHWs. The NHWs were much more likely to have sought care for preventive reasons. CONCLUSIONS: Racial differences in responsiveness to new dental symptoms by seeking dental care were evident, as were differences in other predictors of dental care utilization. These differences may contribute to racial disparities in oral health. |
14
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Health Care Issues for the International Student
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Sera, M. A.
Chalungsooth, P.
Sanford, C.A.
Jong, E. C.
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Chapter 13 (250-262) in The history and practice of college Health (Book)
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International
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The diversity of the student population in colleges and universities offers extraordinary opportunities and challenges to a student health service. International students represent a large group of diverse students encompassing special characteristics and exhibiting special needs. These students come to colleges and universities with a variety of backgrounds and experiences. The health provider's constant challenge is to recognize the uniqueness of each student patient and to develop a knowledge base of cultural information, which allow successful interventions, diagnoses, and treatments.
The college health practitioner will often serve as the point of entry into the US health care system for foreign-born international students. An attempt to understand the student's cultural background, assure appropriate vaccination, perform needed screening tests, and promptly diagnose illness will assist these students in reaching their full academic potential. |
15
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Race/Ethnic Differences in Health Care Use for Orofacial Pain among Older
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Adults. Riley, J. L. 3rd
Gilbert, G. H.
Heft, M. W.
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Pain. 100(1-2), 119-30.
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General
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2002
Nov
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The purpose of this study was to describe race/ethnic differences in the use of formal health care services for painful oral symptoms by older adults. We also considered the sex of the respondent rather than assuming that males and females within a specific racial group would use health care services similarly. To our knowledge, these specific utilization patterns have never been reported before in the pain literature. Telephone interviews were conducted on a stratified random sample of 1,636 community dwelling older (65+) north Floridians. A total of 5,860 households were contacted and screened, with 75.3% participating to the point where their eligibility for the study could be determined. Overall race/ethnic differences in patterns of health care use for orofacial pain were not found. However, when we stratified race/ethnicity by sex, Black females (37.6%) were the least likely to have visited a health care provider, followed by non-Hispanic White females (47.2%), non-Hispanic White males (49.3%), and Black males (62.7%). Point estimates of odds ratio, adjusting for financial differences, indicate that more non-Hispanic White males (OR=1.79) and Black males (OR=2.74) visited a health care provider than Black females. Our results also suggest that for older Black adults, financial constraints have a more significant impact on decisions about health care for orofacial pain than they do for non-Hispanic Whites. For non-Hispanic White respondents, characteristics of the pain symptoms were significant determinates of health care use for their painful oral symptoms. Pain at its worst was a positive predictor for four of the five analyses (jaw joint pain, painful oral sores, temperature sensitivity, and toothache pain). The duration variable (years with pain) was a negative predictor of health care use. This is consistent with the conclusion that individuals seek care early in the course of the symptom, i.e. an active care seeking phase, make emotional or physical adjustments, and then resign themselves to the symptoms. |
16
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Health Status of African Americans.
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Dreeben, O.
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J Health Soc Policy. 14(1), 1-17.
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African American
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2001
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The health status of African Americans identifies a higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and sexually transmitted infections when compared with Whites. However, more research is needed to identify socioeconomic variables and to establish needed health programs. The vestiges of early 20th century traditions of substandard housing and inadequate nutrition for African Americans are still apparent in many communities today. Most health care professionals are not educated and trained to be culturally sensitive. The struggle against the prevalence of diseases in African Americans must incorporate cultural sensitivity, community organization and empowerment. The need for a universal system of health insurance coverage is of utmost importance. The elimination of health disparities among African Americans requires a national effort, the involvement of public and private sectors, individuals and communities. |
17
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Healthy Imaginations: A social history of the epidemiology of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health
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Brough, M.
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Med Anthropol. 20(1), 65-90.
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General
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2001
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It is difficult to imagine Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health without the powerful descriptors of epidemiology. The statistical imagery of numerical tables, pie charts, and bar graphs have become a key element in the public presentation of Indigenous public health issues. Such quantitative measurements of health draw on the authority of neutral, objective science and are thus rarely questioned in terms of their social meaning. This paper traces the history of this imagery through the 20th century, providing a social account of epidemiological description. Historical notions such as social Darwinism, assimilation, and dangerous other are all seen to be woven into the epidemiological text. The enormous rise in the epidemiological description of Indigenous health problems in recent years needs to be analyzed as a social phenomenon and, in particular, as an aspect of emerging forms of governmentality. Finally, it is argued that such analyses are needed in order to promote an anthropology of epidemiology and to avoid limiting medical anthropology to applications within epidemiology. |
18
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The Demographic, Economic, and Health Profile of Older Latinos: Implications for health and long-term care policy and the Latino family
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Villa, V. M.
Aranda, M. P.
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J Health Hum Serv Adm, 23(2), 161-80.
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Latino/a
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2000
Fall
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The number of older Latinos is increasing rapidly and many of its members are in poor health, economically disadvantaged, and reliant on publicly-funded programs that are at risk of continuing cutbacks and restructuring. Such changes limit this population's access to health and long-term care services and shift an increasing amount of responsibility to the Latino family. This article reviews the demographic, economic, and health data of the Latino population and also discusses current and proposed changes under Medicare and Medicaid and the potential impact of these revisions on the Latino population. The authors argue that the needs of younger and older Latinos are linked and any program and policy to improve the situation of the elderly must confront the vulnerabilities of all family members. |
19
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Nutritional Concerns in American Indian and Alaska Native Children: Transitions and future directions
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Story, M.
Strauss, K. F.
Zephier, E.
Broussard, B. A.
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J Am Diet Assoc. 98(2), 170-6.
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Native American
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1998 Feb
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The nutritional health of American Indian and Alaska Native children has changed dramatically over the past 30 years. The prevention and treatment of malnutrition (primarily undernutrition) was a major health issue until the mid to late 1970s. Now, a generation later, obesity in American Indian and Alaska Native children is a major health threat. In 1969, the National Institutes of Health sponsored a conference to review the nutritional status of North American Indian children and to set a national agenda to improve the nutritional health of Indian children. Subsequently, increased food availability; food assistance programs; and improved sanitation, transportation, and health care have eliminated undernutrition as a major health issue. However, the substantial reduction in undernutrition has been accompanied by a rapid increase in childhood obesity. The current epidemic of child and adult obesity and associated obesity-related morbidities, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and other chronic diseases, has implications for the immediate and long-term health of young American Indians. This article reviews the current nutritional health of American Indian and Alaska Native children, the changes that have occurred the past 30 years, and the nutrition transition to increasing obesity and subsequent diabetes that is being seen in American Indians. Future directions to improve the health of American Indian and Alaska Native children are discussed, as is the urgent need for obesity prevention programs that are culturally oriented, family centered, and community- and school-based and that target healthful eating and physical activity beginning in childhood. |
20
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Ethnicity-Related Variation in Breast Cancer Risk Factors
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Bernstein, L.
Teal, C.R.
Joslyn, S.
Wilson, J.
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Cancer. 97(1 Suppl), 222-9.
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General
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2003
Jan
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BACKGROUND: A variety of factors are predictors of breast cancer risk. However, the studies conducted to establish these risk factors have rarely included African American women. The few studies with sufficient numbers of African-American women suggest that risk factors for breast cancer among African-American women are similar to those of white women. Although risk factors may be similar for African-American and white women, differences in the prevalence of risk factors may explain the differences in patterns of incidence. METHODS: The authors reviewed the epidemiologic studies of breast cancer among African-American women and identified resources with information regarding the prevalence of risk factors among African American and white women. RESULTS: Considerable variation exists in the studies of breast cancer risk factors among African American women. Because few studies have included sufficient numbers of African-American women, no firm conclusions can be drawn regarding whether risk estimates for African American women differ from those of white women. Estimates of the prevalence of breast cancer risk factors indicate that African American and white women differ in terms of their ages at menarche, menstrual cycle patterns, birth rates, lactation histories, patterns of oral contraceptive use, levels of obesity, frequency of menopausal hormone use, physical activity patterns, and alcohol intake. CONCLUSIONS: The risk factor profile of African-American women appears to differ from that of white women. This may explain in part, the higher incidence rates for African Americans before age 45 years and the lower incidence rates at older ages. Discussions of these data at a workshop highlighted the need for future research on breast cancer risk among African Americans. This research should acknowledge the heterogeneous heritage, cultural beliefs, and cultural knowledge of African-American women. Studies conducted in collaboration with the African-American community of women and with the breast cancer advocacy community can benefit from assistance in the design of questionnaires and recruitment of participants. |
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