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Recommended Reading List
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page10
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No.
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Title
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Author
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Publisher
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Spec pop
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Year
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91
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Healthy people in Hawaii?: An overview of ethnic health disparities in Hawaii for the Healthy People 2010 initiative targeted health concerns
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Busch, J.
Easa, D.
Grandinetti, A.
Mor, J.
Harrigan, R.
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Hawaii Med J. 62(1), 10-4.
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General
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2003 Jan
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Significant health disparities exist between ethnic groups in the United States. The authors reviewed literature examining the epidemiology of health disparities in Hawaii's multiethnic population. One of the primary goals of the Healthy People 2010 initiative is to eliminate health disparities, specifically cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, infant mortality, child and adult immunizations and HIV/AIDS. However, the research on ethnic health disparities is fragmented, especially in Asian/Pacific Islanders. Unclear definitions of ethnicity (i.e., self-report, mixed ethnicity, etc) and aggregated study populations (i.e., combining multiple ethnic groups into one category) obscure the true health status of ethnic minorities in Hawaii. This paper presents an overview of the state of the literature on Hawaii ethnic health disparities.
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92
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Racism as a source of health disparity in families with children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
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Kendall, J.
Hatton, D.
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ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 25(2), 22-39.
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General
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2002 Dec
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Although poverty and health are inextricably linked, one cannot assume that simple poverty and low socioeconomic status are the primary causes of health disparity among racial groups. Examining the roles of racism and discrimination in access to health care and in the health experiences of people of color is fundamental to the goal of eliminating health disparities by 2010. Data from ethnic minority groups on how race influences health and health care services are absent from much of the nursing research literature. This article explores racism as a source of health disparity and discusses methodological implications for research, using attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) research as an example.
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93
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Socioeconomic, cultural, and behavioral factors affecting Hispanic health
outcomes
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Morales, L. S.
Lara, M
Kington, R. S.
Valdez, R. O.
Escarce, J. J.
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J Health Care Poor Underserved. 13(4), 477-503.
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Latino/a
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2002
Nov
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Evidence suggests that social and economic factors are
important determinants of health. Yet, despite higher poverty rates, less
education, and worse access to health care, health outcomes of many
Hispanics living in the United States today are equal to, or better than,
those of non-Hispanic whites. This paradox is described in the literature as
the epidemiological paradox or Hispanic health paradox. In this paper, the
authors selectively review data and research supporting the existence of the
epidemiological paradox. They find substantial support for the existence of
the epidemiological paradox, particularly among Mexican Americans. Census
undercounts of Hispanics, misclassification of Hispanic deaths, and
emigration of Hispanics do not fully account for the epidemiological
paradox. Identifying protective factors underlying the epidemiological
paradox, while improving access to care and the economic conditions among
Hispanics, are important research and policy implications of this
review.
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94
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Dietary acculturation: Applications to nutrition research and dietetics
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Satia-Abouta, J.
Patterson, R. E.
Neuhouser, M. L.
Elder, J.
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J Am Diet Assoc. 102(8), 1105-18.
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General
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2002 Aug
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The US immigrant population is growing dramatically, making the health status of racial/ethnic minorities an increasingly important public health issue. Immigration to the United States is usually accompanied by environmental and lifestyle changes that can markedly increase chronic disease risk. In particular, adoption of US dietary patterns that tend to be high in fat and low in fruits and vegetables is of concern. The process by which immigrants adopt the dietary practices of the host country--called "dietary acculturation"--is multidimensional, dynamic, and complex; in addition, it varies considerably, depending on a variety of personal, cultural, and environmental attributes. Therefore, to intervene successfully on the negative aspects of dietary acculturation, it is important to understand the process and identify factors that predispose and enable it to occur. In this report, we give an overview of acculturation, define dietary acculturation and present a model for how it occurs, discuss measurement issues related to dietary acculturation, review the literature relating acculturation to eating patterns, and provide a case study illustrating how information on acculturation can be used to design dietary interventions in 2 markedly different immigrant groups. Finally, we give applications for nutrition researchers and dietetic practitioners. Studies investigating associations of acculturation with disease risk should identify and intervene on those steps in the acculturation process that are most strongly associated with unhealthful dietary changes. Practitioners working with immigrants should determine the degree to which dietary counseling should be focused on maintaining traditional eating habits, adopting the healthful aspects of eating in Western countries, or both.
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95
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Health-related research among Amish women: A review of findings
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Thomas, M. K.
Menon, U.
Ferguson, S. E.
Hiermer, M. A.
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Curr Womens Health Rep. 2(3), 208-13.
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Spec. Pop. Women
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2002 June
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The objective of this literature review is to explore and synthesize research related to Amish women's health issues. Literature searches were conducted on an extensive list of Internet-based databases, with a total of 767 articles identified. Inclusion criteria consisted of published, gender-based, and evidence-based research. The research reviewed covered a broad spectrum of health-related topics, and nearly all authors cited cultural factors as an explanation for the differences in Amish and non-Amish populations. However, the lack of evidence-based research and diversity of the topics prevented clear patterns of health-related issues to be discussed. Many researchers made broad-sweeping generalizations about the Amish, which can perpetuate the stereotypes and myths associated with their way of life. It is imperative that more evidence-based research be conducted to determine the cultural aspects and other factors that may influence health in this population.
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96
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Designing and evaluating interventions to eliminate racial and ethnic disparities in health care
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Cooper, L. A.
Hill, M. N.
Powe, N. R.
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J Gen Intern Med. 17(6), 477-86.
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General
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2002 June
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A large number of factors contribute to racial and ethnic disparities in health status. Health care professionals, researchers, and policymakers have believed for some time that access to care is the centerpiece in the elimination of these health disparities. The Institute of Medicine's (IOM) model of access to health services includes personal, financial, and structural barriers, health service utilization, and mediators of care. This model can be used to describe the interactions among these factors and their impact on health outcomes and equity of services among racial and ethnic groups. We present a modified version of the IOM model that incorporates the features of other access models and highlights barriers and mediators that are relevant for interventions designed to eliminate disparities in U.S. health care. We also suggest that interventions to eliminate disparities and achieve equity in health care services be considered within the broader context of improving quality of care. Some health service intervention studies have shown improvements in the health of disadvantaged groups. If properly designed and implemented, these interventions could be used to reduce health disparities. Successful features of interventions include the use of multifaceted, intense approaches, culturally and linguistically appropriate methods, improved access to care, tailoring, the establishment of partnerships with stakeholders, and community involvement. However, in order to be effective in reducing disparities in health care and health status, important limitations of previous studies need to be addressed, including the lack of control groups, nonrandom assignment of subjects to experimental interventions, and use of health outcome measures that are not validated. Interventions might be improved by targeting high-risk populations, focusing on the most important contributing factors, including measures of appropriateness and quality of care and health outcomes, and prioritizing dissemination efforts.
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97
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Effects of race, ethnicity, gender, culture, literacy, and social marketing on public health
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Shire, N.
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J Gend Specif Med. 5(2), 48-54.
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General
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2002 Mar-Apr
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Societies globally have a long road ahead in eliminating health risks and discrepancies due to race and ethnicity, gender, culture, and illiteracy. In terms of race, for example, females and African-Americans are less likely to be referred for cardiac catheterization, and Caucasians are more likely than minorities to receive pain management in the emergency room. Regarding gender, physiologic differences certainly account for some divergent health outcomes, but they do not explain how women and men have different prevalences of diseases that are not obviously gender-specific. Cultural beliefs play a vital role in determining health choices, and health care professionals need a deeper understanding of these beliefs prior to promoting certain health interventions. Illiteracy may also prevent a person from following health instructions, and the strong association between illiteracy and poverty may exert powerful, negative influences on health outcomes. Employing the characteristics of social marketing (synchronous messages, reinforcement, and
actionability) may help society to overcome some of the obstacles.
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98
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Health disparities among vulnerable populations: Evolution of knowledge over five decades in Nursing Research publications
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Flaskerud, J. H.
Lesser, J.
Dixon, E.
Anderson, N.
et al.
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Nurs Res. 51(2), 74-85.
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General
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2002 Mar-Apr
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BACKGROUND: Considerable attention has been focused recently on conducting research on the health disparities experienced by some Americans as the result of poverty, ethnicity, and/or marginalized social status. Nursing research has a major role to play in developing this body of knowledge. PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to review the contributions that Nursing Research made through its publications over the last five decades in developing the body of tested knowledge about health disparities in vulnerable groups and to analyze the progress made. METHODS: Criteria for reviewing the literature were established. All Nursing Research publications between 1952 and 2000 were searched manually, indexes of each year's bound volumes were reviewed, and computer searches were conducted. Included in the review were research reports, research briefs, and methodology articles. RESULTS: Seventy-nine papers were found that met basic criteria for inclusion. The number of relevant publications increased each decade, with a sizable increase in numbers since 1990, and may be related to the social, political, and economic climate of each decade. The research questions asked and the methods used became more complex over time. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing Research has made a significant contribution in disseminating the body of tested knowledge related to the health disparities experienced by vulnerable populations and the methodologies associated with vulnerable populations research. Areas for future research are community-based studies, intervention studies that provide tangible resources, and methodologic approaches that involve participants in the research process.
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99
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Linking acute care to a strategy for improving Aboriginal health
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Anderson, I.
Clarke, A.
Renhard, R.
Otim, M.
Andrews, S
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Aust Health Rev. 25(5), 118-29.
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General
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2002
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In this paper we consider the extent to which strategies to improve access to acute care services have been integrated with national strategies to improve Aboriginal health outcomes. To do this we review the primary and secondary sources and provide an overview of current national strategy in Aboriginal health and identify where policy and strategic issues relevant to acute care have been developed. In particular we consider the extent to which national policy processes have focussed on the interface between the primary and acute sectors. It is our contention that nationally integrated strategies to improve access to the acute care sector require the development of an Aboriginal health focus in hospital based quality assurance processes and a comprehensive engagement with Aboriginal issues across the acute care sector.
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100
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Racial and spatial relations as fundamental determinants of health in Detroit
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Schulz, A. J.
Williams, D. R.
Israel, B. A.
Lempert, L. B.
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Milbank Q. 80(4), 677-707.
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African American
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2002
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African Americans in the United States have a higher than average risk of morbidity and mortality, despite declining mortality rates for many causes of death for the general population. This article examines race-based residential segregation as a fundamental cause of racial disparities, shaping differences in exposure to, and experiences of, diseases and risk factors. The spatial distribution of racial groups, specifically the residential segregation of African Americans in aging urban areas, contributes to disparities in health by influencing access to economic, social, and physical resources essential to health. Using the Detroit metropolitan area as a case study, this article looks at the influences of the distribution of African American and white residents on access to these resources and discusses the implications for urban policies to reduce racial disparities in health status.
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